Glossary
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Commercial Invoice
The commercial invoice is the seller’s billing document describing the goods, quantities, unit prices, total value, currency, delivery terms and…
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Composting
Composting is a controlled aerobic decomposition process that converts organic residues such as fruit trimmings, pomace and vegetable hulls into…
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Compound Ingredient Labelling
Compound ingredient labelling is the requirement under Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 to list the component ingredients of a compound ingredient…
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Concentration Factor
The concentration factor is the ratio expressing how many parts of single-strength juice were reduced to one part of concentrate,…
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Conductivity (Electrical)
Electrical conductivity of honey is a measure of its mineral content, expressed in milliSiemens per centimetre, used in trade to…
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Consignment Stock
Consignment stock is inventory held at a buyer’s or third-party location where legal ownership remains with the supplier until the…
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Container
A container is a standardised steel intermodal transport unit, most commonly in twenty-foot or forty-foot lengths, used to move food…
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Container Shipping
Container shipping is the movement of standardised intermodal boxes by sea, and for frozen or chilled food it relies on…
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Contaminant
A contaminant is any substance not intentionally added to food that is present as a result of production, processing, storage…
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Contaminants Regulation
Contaminants Regulation refers to Regulation (EU) 2023/915, which sets maximum levels for contaminants including mycotoxins, heavy metals and process contaminants…
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Core Temperature
Core temperature is the temperature measured at the thermal centre of a food product rather than in the surrounding air,…
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Coring
Coring is a mechanical processing step that removes the core and seed cavity from pome fruit such as apples, pears…
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Corn Kernel Cutting
Corn kernel cutting is the mechanical step that removes sweet corn kernels from the cob after husking and blanching, using…
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Country of Origin Labelling
Country of origin labelling indicates where a food comes from and is mandatory where omitting it could mislead consumers, as…
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Cover Crops
Cover crops are plants grown between main cash crops primarily to protect soil from erosion, suppress weeds, add organic matter…
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Creamed Honey
Creamed honey is honey in which crystallisation has been deliberately controlled by seeding with fine crystals and stirring at low…
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Crinkle Cut
Crinkle cut is a slicing method using profiled blades to produce a wavy surface on vegetables such as carrots, potatoes…
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Critical Control Point
A critical control point is a step in a food production process at which a control measure is essential to…
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Crop Rotation
Crop rotation is the practice of growing different crops in planned sequence on the same land to break pest and…
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Crop Yield
Crop yield is the quantity of harvestable product obtained per unit area, typically expressed in tonnes per hectare, and underpins…
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Cross-Contamination
Cross-contamination is the unintended transfer of harmful microorganisms, allergens or foreign substances from one surface, product, person or environment to…
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Cross-Docking
Cross-docking is a logistics method in which incoming goods are transferred directly to outbound vehicles with minimal or no intermediate…
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Crude Oil
Crude oil, in food and agri trade, is the unrefined vegetable oil obtained directly from pressing or solvent extraction, containing…
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Crude Protein
Crude protein is the protein content estimated from total nitrogen multiplied by a factor, usually 6.25 for feed and 5.7…
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Crust Freezing
Crust freezing is a freezing phenomenon in which the outer surface of a food product solidifies rapidly while the core…
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Cryogenic Freezing
Cryogenic freezing is a rapid freezing method that uses liquefied gases such as liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide at extremely…
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Cryogenic Grinding
Cryogenic grinding is a milling process in which spices are cooled with liquid nitrogen before and during size reduction, preserving…
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Crystallization
Crystallization is the natural process by which glucose in honey precipitates into crystals, turning liquid honey solid or semi-solid, and…
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Cubed Fruit
Cubed fruit is fruit that has been cut into uniform geometric pieces of a defined dimension before freezing or drying,…
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Customs Broker
A customs broker is a licensed intermediary who prepares and submits customs declarations and manages import or export formalities on…
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Customs Clearance
Customs clearance is the process by which goods are formally declared to customs authorities, duties and taxes are assessed and…
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Customs Controls
Customs controls are checks performed by customs authorities to verify that goods, declarations and accompanying documents comply with import and…
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Customs Declaration
A customs declaration is the formal electronic statement submitted to customs authorities that places a consignment under a specific customs…
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Customs Value
Customs value is the declared monetary worth of imported goods, normally the transaction price actually paid or payable plus specified…
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Customs Warehouse
A customs warehouse is an approved facility where non-Union goods may be stored without payment of import duties until they…
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Cycle Counting
Cycle counting is the continuous practice of counting a subset of stock locations on a rolling schedule rather than closing…
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Date Marking
Date marking is the mandatory indication on prepacked food of either a best-before date, showing when specific properties are retained…
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DCFTA
DCFTA meaning Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area is the trade pillar of the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement, providing for gradual…
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DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)
DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) is an Incoterms 2020 rule under which the seller bears all costs and risks of delivering…
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Deaeration
Deaeration is the removal of dissolved oxygen from juice or puree before pasteurisation and filling, carried out under vacuum or…